More Census Research Highlights Issues With Asking Citizenship Question

UNITED STATES - OCTOBER 12: Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross testifies during the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee hearing on the census on Thursday, Oct. 12, 2017. (Photo By Bill Clark/CQ Roll Call)
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A working paper authored by researchers at the U.S. Census Bureau is the latest of a number of analyses, including others done by career Census staff, that highlight the downfalls of asking a citizenship question on the 2020 survey, something the Trump administration has sought to do.

“Our results imply that survey-sourced citizenship data produce significantly lower estimates of the noncitizen share of the population than would be produced from currently available administrative records,” the paper, produced by researchers at the the Census Bureau’s Center for Economic Studies, said.

Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, who oversees the census, announced he was adding the question in March to collect data for the Justice Department’s Voting Rights Act enforcement. Numerous Census scientists and other experts had privately advised that using existing administrative data would be more accurate, according to internal documents released after the announcement as part of litigation over the question. Ross was also warned that the adding the question risks an undercount among immigrant populations.

The new paper, titled “Understanding the Quality of Alternative Citizenship Data Sources for the 2020 Census,” is perhaps the most extensive public-facing report backing up that assessment.

While there were some risks of discrepancies in using administrative records, that approach would still produce better quality data than asking a citizenship question on the 2020 Census, the paper suggested.

“The evidence in this paper also suggests that adding a citizenship question to the 2020 Census would lead to lower self-response rates in households potentially containing noncitizens, resulting in higher fieldwork costs and a lower-quality population count,” it said.

Among the analyses the paper conducts to come to this conclusion was a comparison between the response rates for the 2010 American Community Survey — which asked a citizenship question — and the 2010 Census, which did not.

The American Community Survey, taken on a rolling basis, is directed at far fewer households than the decennial census but asks many more questions.

The paper looked at households that received both surveys, and compared the response rates, which were lower for the American Community Survey than they were for the decennial Census. To distinguish whether the relatively lower ACS response rate was being driven by the citizenship question, or some other reason — like the length of the ACS questionnaire — the paper separated out the response rates of the households with at least one noncitizen, who were likely more sensitive to the question. It found that, the difference in response rates was 13.8 percentage points among all-citizen households, and 18.9 percent among households with at least one noncitizen.

The difference grew once the paper’s authors weighted the comparisons.

The paper acknowledged that there are factors other than the citizenship question driving this difference between the two types of households, and explored other models to adjust for that possibility. However the paper’s authors also offered reasons why the nonresponse rate on a 2020 Census with a citizenship question may be greater than what their models were predicting.

Read the full paper, via NPR, here. 

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Notable Replies

  1. The link you (nickdanger) provided does not support your assertion. There is a difference between the census itself, which goes to all, and an additional questionnaire that is sent to a much smaller subset or sample of people

  2. Have Wilbur Ross’s scandals already gone down the memory hole?

  3. Um, Nick, don’t you ever get tired of being wrong? As edgarant points out, you are confusing the census form with the supplemental questionnaire. You were so eager to score points that you failed, again, to actually check your source and, as a result, you once again stepped in it.

    Better to be thought a fool than to continue to post here and prove it.

  4. Sarah Huckabee Sanders:

    “This is a question that’s been included in every census since 1965,” Sanders said Tuesday, “with the exception of 2010, when it was removed.”

    Wow, Nick, you bested the lyin’ king. That makes you the new pride leader.

    SHS was a little confused, though, as there wasn’t a full census in 1965. The NPR fact checkers tell us that the last time the question went to all households was in 1950:

    The census has been conducted every decade since 1790 to get a national head count used most critically to decide the distribution of congressional representation. At first it was conducted by U.S. marshals, but later surveys were sent to most American households, with census workers helping those who didn’t promptly return their surveys.

    The last time the Census Bureau asked all U.S. households a question about U.S. citizenship was in 1950. That form asked where each person was born and in a follow-up question asked, “If foreign born — Is he naturalized?”

    In 1960, there was no such question about citizenship, only about place of birth.

    Sanders mentioned the year 1965 on Tuesday, but the census only comes every 10 years, so it isn’t clear what she was referring to, and the White House did not respond to a request for clarification.

    In 1970, the Census Bureau began sending around two questionnaires: a short-form questionnaire to gather basic population information and a long form that asked detailed questions about everything from household income to plumbing. The short form went to most households in America. The long form was sent to a much smaller sample of households, 1 in 6. Most people didn’t get it.

    Starting in 1970, questions about citizenship were included in the long-form questionnaire but not the short form. For instance, in 2000, those who received the long form were asked, “Is this person a CITIZEN of the United States?”

    The short form kept it simple: name, relationship, age, sex, Hispanic origin, race, marital status and whether the home is owned or rented.

    Later, the census added the American Community Survey, conducted every year and sent to 3.5 million households. It began being fully implemented in 2005. It asks many of the same questions as the census long-form surveys from 1970 to 2000, including the citizenship question.

    Sanders said that in 2010 the citizenship question was removed. In fact, there was no long form that year — it had been replaced by the annual American Community Survey. The decennial census form asked just 10 questions.

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